Software is eating defense

The world is undergoing a profound geopolitical and technological transformation. Artificial Intelligence has changed defense, and postquantum cryptography will be essential to protecting its future.

This report, published initially on the occasion of the Munich Security Conference 2025, has been revised in May 2025. It provides leaders with a roadmap to navigate this critical juncture and harness the potential of technology to safeguard Europe’s strategic autonomy and resilience.

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